By 2030, half of the global population will face water scarcity, and this trend places increasing demands on membrane performance in difficult environments. Early membrane systems focused on basic contaminant removal in centralized treatment plants. Modern systems now support a wider range of specialized applications. Market analyses project annual growth above 7 percent for membrane-based water treatment as scarcity, regulatory pressure and resource recovery objectives expan

A hollow fiber membrane begins its life long before the polymer reaches the spinneret. Solution preparation in the tank sets the foundation for its performance through key physical and chemical alignment. Each choice, from polymer type and solvent selection to maintaining stable mixing temperature, influences the microscopic geometry of the final fiber. Proper solution preparation shapes lumen diameter, wall thickness and porosity, which directly affect ultrafiltration membra

Membrane fouling imposes a direct and escalating cost on water treatment systems. Organic compounds and microbes interact immediately with the membrane surface, triggering biofilm formation that raises transmembrane pressure and cuts throughput. These effects reduce cleaning intervals and shorten membrane life. This degradation stems from design choices. Manufacturers often prioritize mechanical properties or pore structure while neglecting surface chemistry. Without engineer