Introduction to Membranes and Vaccine Development Every vaccine begins with a search for purity. In this pursuit, membranes perform a critical function by determining which substances enter, remain or require removal to guarantee safety and effectiveness in the final product. Since the 1950s, when basic filtration membranes supported the development of inactivated polio vaccines , membrane technology has advanced significantly. Modern applications, including mRNA-based and

Flat-sheet membranes have long underpinned experimental research in separation science, with widespread use in water , energy and biomedical studies. Despite its widespread adoption, it remains a source of persistent frustration for laboratory teams. Surveys of academic membrane groups show reproducibility rates often below 50%, with over a third of experiments repeated due to uncontrolled fabrication variation rather than formulation flaws. Each failed attempt wastes valuab

A single hemodialysis patient attends over 300 treatment sessions each year. Each session processes approximately 120 liters of blood through  hollow fiber membranes  that must perform flawlessly. One defective fiber can expose the bloodstream to toxins, causing life-threatening complications. The membrane’s microarchitecture controls removal of small toxins, such as urea and creatinine, while preserving vital proteins like albumin. The fiber withstands cyclic pressures rangi